Last updated: April 14, 2025
The climate of the Dominican Republic is characterized by a diverse range of temperatures and precipitation patterns. Temperatures can fluctuate significantly, with a minimum of 9°C (48°F) recorded in January in La Vega and soaring to a sweltering 38°C (101°F) in August in Monte Cristi. Monthly precipitation varies widely, from a low of 10 mm (0.4 in) in February in Elías Piña to a peak of 177 mm (7.0 in) in September in El Seíbo. Humidity levels contribute to this climatic diversity, averaging 57% in May in Valverde and reaching up to 80% in August in La Altagracia, creating a unique tropical environment that influences the island's rich biodiversity and vibrant ecosystems.
The climate of the Dominican Republic is remarkably diverse, featuring several Köppen-Geiger climate zones that reflect its varied topography and geography. In coastal regions like Barahona and La Romana, the Aw tropical savanna climate prevails, bringing hot temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons, ideal for beach lovers and agriculture alike. Conversely, the cooler, more temperate Cfb climate can be found in areas like Santiago and La Vega, providing a refreshing change with lush green landscapes and milder weather. The eastern and central parts of the island, such as Duarte and Espaillat, experience the more humid Af tropical rainforest climate, characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year and rich biodiversity. From the arid conditions of Independencia and San Juan to the lush rainforests of Hermanas Mirabal and Monte Plata, the Dominican Republic's climate zones create a fascinating mosaic that nurtures its unique ecosystems and vibrant culture.
| Climate Zone | Description |
|---|---|
| Af | Tropical rainforest climate with no dry season and high temperatures year-round. |
| Am | Tropical monsoon climate with heavy rainfall and high temperatures. |
| As | Tropical savanna climate with a dry season occurring in summer. |
| Aw | Tropical savanna climate with a dry season occurring in winter. |
| Cfb | Oceanic climate with mild temperatures and moderate rainfall year-round. |
The temperature in the Dominican Republic showcases a vibrant range throughout the year, marked by a steady increase from the cooler winter months into the heat of summer. In January, for instance, temperatures dip to a chilly 9°C (48°F) in La Vega, while reaching a warm 34°C (93°F) in Dajabón. As February rolls in, the warmth continues to rise, with minimums at 10°C (50°F) and maximums peaking at 34°C (94°F) in Monte Cristi. Entering March and April, minimum temperatures gradually climb, reaching a high of 36°C (97°F) in Monte Cristi by April. This trend persists into the summer months, with May hitting a scorching 37°C (99°F), peaking at 38°C (101°F) from June through September, while the minimum temperatures remain comfortably warm. By October and into the cooler November, the climate takes a slight dip, yet still favors warmer averages with 36°C (96°F) recorded in Monte Cristi. Even as the year closes with December’s minimum of 11°C (52°F) in La Vega and maximums reaching back to 34°C (94°F) in Puerto Plata, the Dominican Republic’s temperatures paint a picture of tropical warmth and seasonal variety.
The Dominican Republic exhibits notable variability in precipitation patterns throughout the year. Winters are relatively dry, with February recording a minimum of just 10 mm (0.4 in) of rain in Elías Piña and only 2 days of precipitation in Dajabón. As the year progresses into the peak of the rainy season, the landscape transforms dramatically; September emerges as the wettest month, particularly in El Seíbo, which experiences a staggering 177 mm (7.0 in) of rain over 26 days. This shift underscores a distinct trend from dry to wet periods, reflecting the tropical climate's intense seasonal rhythms.
The humidity levels in the Dominican Republic exhibit a notable range, with a minimum of 57% recorded in May in Valverde and peaking at a maximum of 80% in August in La Altagracia. This trend showcases the country’s dynamic climate, where the humid summer months can become quite intense, particularly in August, reflecting the broader patterns of tropical weather. As temperatures rise, so does the moisture in the air, shaping the vibrant ecosystems and local weather experiences, making it essential for visitors and residents alike to prepare for the humid conditions that characterize the Dominican summer.
In the Dominican Republic, UV Index trends reveal a notable peak in sun exposure during the early months of the year. For instance, the average daily maximum UV Index in March reaches an impressive 14 in Azua, while it slightly decreases to 13 in April in María Trinidad Sánchez. This trend underscores the importance of heightened sun safety awareness as residents and visitors navigate the sunny landscapes of the Dominican Republic during these months. The persistent intensity of UV radiation serves as a reminder to take precautions when enjoying outdoor activities.
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The Dominican Republic basks in abundant sunshine, with notable variations across its regions throughout the year. In January, Monte Cristi and Pedernales enjoy 247 and 259 hours of sunlight, respectively, providing a bright start to the year. However, the sun shines even more brightly in the summer months, as seen in Santo Domingo and Espaillat, where July boasts a remarkable 346 and 364 hours of sunshine. This increase highlights a trend of longer daylight hours during the summer, making the Dominican Republic an attractive destination for sun-seekers looking to soak up the warmth of the Caribbean sun.
When planning a visit to the Dominican Republic, it's essential to consider the likelihood of sunny weather across different regions. For instance, February shines particularly bright in Pedernales, boasting an impressive 85% chance of clear skies, making it an ideal time for outdoor activities. In contrast, June in Monseñor Nouel reveals a less favorable 26% likelihood of sunshine, prompting travelers to prepare for more unpredictable weather. This trend highlights the significant seasonal variations in the country, emphasizing the importance of choosing the right time and place for a sun-soaked getaway.
In the Dominican Republic, daylight hours vary significantly between seasons, particularly in Puerto Plata. During December, residents and visitors can expect around 10 hours of sunlight each day, creating a cozy atmosphere perfect for enjoying the tropical climate. As summer approaches in June, daylight extends to a generous 13 hours, offering ample time for outdoor activities and beach adventures. This shift not only highlights the rich seasonal contrast but also enhances the allure of Puerto Plata as a year-round destination for sun-seekers and nature enthusiasts alike.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Azua boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. With January highs averaging around 30°C (86°F) and peaking in July at 35°C (96°F), visitors can expect plenty of sunshine. The region experiences its wettest months from August to September, where rainfall can reach over 130 mm (5 in), contributing to a lush landscape. Humidity levels generally hover around 59% to 73%, offering a balmy atmosphere that enhances the tropical experience. For more detailed insights, explore the full Azua climate.
Nestled in the picturesque Dominican Republic, Baoruco enjoys a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures and seasonal rainfall. From January to April, the average temperatures hover around a pleasant 24°C (75°F), gradually rising to a sizzling 26°C (79°F) in the summer months. Humidity tends to peak between August and September, when it reaches up to 73%, often accompanied by increased rainfall during this period. With temperatures flirting with the high 30s°C (95-98°F) in July, it's no wonder that many visitors seek out the area for its tropical allure. For a detailed overview of the region's weather patterns, check out Baoruco climate.
Barahona, located in the scenic Dominican Republic, enjoys a warm tropical climate with temperatures that vary from a refreshing 14°C (58°F) in January to a sizzling 37°C (98°F) in July. The average monthly temperatures hover around 24°C (75°F) to 26°C (79°F), providing a pleasant backdrop for outdoor activities year-round. While the city experiences occasional showers, particularly from May to October, with precipitation peaking in August at 112 mm (4.4 in), the humidity generally remains moderate, rising to about 74% during the wettest months. For those seeking to escape the cold and embrace a tropical vibe, Barahona is an ideal destination, inviting visitors to explore its natural beauty while enjoying the warmth. Discover more about the area's unique weather patterns at Barahona climate.
Nestled in the Dominican Republic, Dajabón boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. January starts off with mild evenings at a refreshing 12°C (53°F), gradually rising to scorching highs of 38°C (100°F) by October. The region experiences distinct wet periods, particularly in September, where precipitation can reach up to 109 mm (4.3 in), making it the wettest month. Humidity levels fluctuate throughout the year, peaking in the late summer, creating a lush environment that is both vibrant and inviting. For a deeper dive into the weather patterns, check out the detailed insights on Dajabón climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Duarte boasts a tropical climate that delights visitors year-round. With temperatures ranging from a refreshing 13°C (56°F) in January to a warm 36°C (96°F) in August, it offers the perfect backdrop for outdoor adventures. However, be prepared for a fair share of rain, especially from May to September, when monthly precipitation peaks at over 120 mm (4.8 in). The humidity also adds to the lush environment, fluctuating between 60% and 74%, making the air feel vibrant and alive. For a deeper dive into the regional weather patterns, explore the details at Duarte climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, El Seíbo experiences a tropical climate that promises warmth and vibrancy year-round. With average temperatures fluctuating between 24°C (76°F) and 28°C (82°F), residents and visitors alike bask in a pleasant atmosphere, ideal for outdoor adventures. Rainfall peaks from May to October, particularly in September, where it can reach up to 177 mm (7.0 in), while humidity levels hover around 72% to 80%, lending a lush character to the landscape. Whether you're enjoying the sunny days of June or the more temperate evenings in December, El Seíbo’s weather invites exploration and relaxation. To learn more about this fascinating region's climate, visit El Seíbo climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Elías Piña boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures and varied precipitation throughout the year. In the cooler months, such as January and February, temperatures can dip to around 10°C (51°F), while summer months like July and August heat up to a sizzling 37°C (99°F). Rainfall is more pronounced from May to October, peaking in September with 118 mm (4.7 in), bringing a refreshing contrast to the otherwise sunny days. With humidity levels fluctuating between 57% and 73%, the air carries a warm embrace, making Elías Piña a vibrant and inviting destination. Explore more about the region's weather patterns at Elías Piña climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Espaillat boasts a tropical climate that tantalizes with warm temperatures year-round. From January to December, temperatures typically fluctuate between a mild 13°C (56°F) and a sizzling 35°C (96°F), creating an inviting atmosphere for both locals and visitors. While the humidity hovers around 65-73%, especially peaking during the humid months of August and September, the region experiences its most rainfall in March and September, with averages exceeding 122 mm (4.8 in). Whether you're soaking up the sun or enjoying a refreshing tropical shower, Espaillat's climate offers a delightful escape. Explore more about the area's weather patterns at Espaillat climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Hato Mayor boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures and distinct rainy seasons. With average temperatures hovering around 24-27°C (75-81°F) year-round, visitors can expect comfortable days, particularly during the peak summer months when highs reach up to 34°C (93°F). Rainfall tends to increase from late spring through early fall, with September often being the wettest month, recording up to 158 mm (6.2 in) of precipitation. Despite occasional showers, the humidity levels remain relatively high, reaching up to 80% during peak months, adding a lush vibrancy to this picturesque region. For more detailed insights into the weather patterns, check out Hato Mayor climate.
Hermanas Mirabal boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. January and February begin with cooler mornings, dipping to around 13-16°C (56-60°F) but quickly warm up to maximums of 32°C (89°F). As the year progresses, temperatures peak in August and September, reaching 36°C (96°F) while humidity rises, creating a lush environment. Rainfall varies, with the wettest months in March and September, both experiencing roughly 99 mm (3.9 inches) of precipitation. For a deeper dive into Hermanas Mirabal's climate, visit Hermanas Mirabal climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Independencia experiences a climate that balances warmth and moisture throughout the year. Temperatures typically range from a comfortable 13°C (55°F) in January to a sweltering 36°C (97°F) in July, with average highs hovering around 31°C (88°F), especially during the hottest months. Rainfall is more prominent towards the latter part of the year, peaking in September with 118 mm (4.6 in), while humidity tends to climb during the summer, reaching up to 73% in September. For those looking to explore the unique weather patterns and seasonal changes of this vibrant region, check out the detailed insights at Independencia climate.
La Altagracia, Dominican Republic, boasts a tropical climate that captivates visitors year-round with its warm temperatures ranging from a cozy 18°C (64°F) in January to a sizzling 34°C (93°F) in September. The average temperature remains consistently pleasant at around 25-28°C (77-82°F) throughout most months, encouraging outdoor adventures. However, the region experiences its highest rainfall between May and October, particularly during September and October, when precipitation peaks around 132 mm (5.2 in). With humidity levels climbing to 80% during the summer months, the heat can feel quite intense, making the breezy coastal areas a refreshing retreat. For more details on the climate and what to expect, check out La Altagracia climate.
Nestled on the eastern shore of the Dominican Republic, La Romana boasts a tropical climate that invites year-round exploration. With temperatures ranging from a cool 16°C (62°F) in January to a balmy 34°C (94°F) during the summer months, visitors can enjoy the vibrant sunshine while feeling the gentle sea breezes. Although July and August bring higher humidity at around 80% and increased rainfall, typically peaking in September, the warm ambiance remains inviting. Whether you're soaking up the sun on pristine beaches or participating in local festivities, the climate in La Romana is perfect for creating memorable experiences. Discover more about this enchanting destination's weather in detail at La Romana climate.
Nestled in the lush mountains of the Dominican Republic, La Vega boasts a climate that delights throughout the year. With average temperatures ranging from a mild 20°C (68°F) in the cooler months to a warm 23°C (73°F) during the summer, the region offers a comfortable escape. Although rainfall varies, particularly in the spring with peaks in March and September, the verdant landscapes thrive thanks to this moisture. Humidity levels can rise, especially during the hotter months, but the overall atmosphere remains inviting, ensuring that visitors experience the vibrant beauty of this tropical paradise. For a deeper dive into the local weather patterns, visit La Vega climate.
The climate in María Trinidad Sánchez, Dominican Republic offers a delightful tropical experience year-round, characterized by warm temperatures and a distinct wet season. January and February start with pleasantly mild conditions, with average temperatures hovering around 24°C (76°F), while the heat peaks in the summer months, reaching highs of 34°C (93°F) in April through October. Though rainfall varies, September tends to be the wettest month, receiving 163 mm (6.4 in) of precipitation, contributing to a lush, vibrant landscape. Humidity fluctuates throughout the year, with the highest levels recorded in late summer; however, the overall tropical vibe remains inviting. To explore more about the fascinating weather patterns and seasonal changes, check out the detailed María Trinidad Sánchez climate.
Monseñor Nouel offers a mild tropical climate, marked by comfortable temperatures throughout the year. With average highs ranging from 28°C (83°F) in January to 31°C (88°F) in August, residents and visitors enjoy a warm climate tempered by gentle breezes. Precipitation is highest from March to August, culminating in a peak of 165 mm (6.5 in) in March, while humidity levels can rise, particularly in the summer months. December and January bring cooler nights with temperatures dipping to 11°C (52°F), providing a refreshing respite. Overall, Monseñor Nouel's climate is ideal for those seeking warmth and occasional tropical showers—discover more about the region at Monseñor Nouel climate.
Experience the tropical allure of Monte Cristi, where the weather embraces you year-round with average temperatures ranging from a mild 12°C (53°F) in January to a sizzling 38°C (101°F) in the summer months. Rainfall is generally moderate, peaking around 82 mm (3.2 in) in September, while the rest of the year offers a mix of warm sunshine and refreshing showers. With humidity levels fluctuating between 57% and 73%, the climate feels pleasantly balmy—perfect for outdoor adventures along the stunning coastline. For those seeking to bask in the sun and enjoy balmy nights, Monte Cristi offers a vibrant backdrop that invites exploration—discover more about the Monte Cristi climate.
Monte Plata, nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. With January temperatures ranging from a cool 14°C (57°F) to a balmy 31°C (88°F), the region gradually warms up, peaking in the summer months with average highs of 34°C (93°F). While the humidity tends to hover around 65-77%, rainfall is most prevalent from May through August, making these months ideal for lush vegetation and vibrant landscapes. Visitors can expect a rich tapestry of weather, perfect for exploring both its natural beauty and cultural delights. Discover more about Monte Plata's unique weather patterns at Monte Plata climate.
In Nacional, Dominican Republic, the climate boasts a warm tropical feel, with temperatures ranging from a cool 15°C (60°F) in January to sizzling highs of 35°C (95°F) by September. While humid conditions linger throughout the year, peaking at 73% in September and August, the rainfall varies significantly, with the wettest months of May and August each recording over 100 mm (4 inches) of precipitation. Though showers can be frequent, they often bring refreshing relief from the heat, particularly as the coastal breezes flow through. Experience the beauty of Nacional's climate firsthand; learn more at Nacional climate.
Nestled in the breathtaking landscapes of the Dominican Republic, Pedernales boasts a tropical climate that invites year-round exploration. With temperatures fluctuating between a pleasant 20°C (68°F) and a balmy 32°C (90°F), visitors can enjoy warm days, especially from May through August when the warmth peaks. While humidity hovers around 76% to 79%, the rainfall varies throughout the year, with August and October witnessing the most precipitation, making the lush surroundings even more vibrant. Whether basking in the sun or experiencing a refreshing tropical shower, Pedernales offers a climate that enhances its stunning natural beauty, perfect for any traveler seeking adventure or relaxation. For a detailed look, check out the full Pedernales climate information.
The climate in Peravia, Dominican Republic, is a delightful blend of warmth and occasional rain, making it a ideal getaway throughout the year. From January to March, temperatures hover around a comfortable 25°C (77°F), gradually rising to a peak of 33°C (91°F) in the sultry months of July and August. While the summer months bring increased humidity, reaching up to 73% in September, the area also experiences its wettest months, with August seeing about 122 mm (4.8 in) of rainfall. Despite the rain, the sun shines brightly on this tropical paradise, ensuring ample opportunities for outdoor activities. For a detailed insight into the weather patterns, visit Peravia climate.
Nestled along the northern coast of the Dominican Republic, Puerto Plata boasts a tropical climate that enchants visitors year-round. With average temperatures ranging from a mild 24°C (76°F) in the cooler months to a sizzling 28°C (82°F) in the summer, it’s an ideal haven for sun-seekers. While humidity levels fluctuate, often peaking at 73% during August and September, the occasional rainfall—particularly in March and September—adds refreshing breaks to the sunny days. For those planning a trip, discover more about what to expect from the weather by visiting Puerto Plata climate.
Nestled in the stunning Caribbean, Samaná enjoys a warm tropical climate that makes it a year-round paradise. With average temperatures hovering around 25°C (77°F), the region basks under the sun, especially in May and September when highs can reach up to 35°C (95°F). Rainfall varies throughout the year, peaking in September with 158 mm (6.2 in), while humidity stays comfortably in the 70-80% range, making the air feel fresh and invigorating. Whether you're soaking up the sunshine or witnessing nature's beauty during the brief rain showers, the climate in Samaná provides the perfect backdrop for an unforgettable getaway. Discover more about this beautiful destination at Samaná climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, San Cristóbal boasts a tropical climate that delights visitors year-round. Temperatures range from a refreshing 11°C (53°F) in January to a sizzling 35°C (95°F) by September, providing the perfect backdrop for outdoor adventures. While the humidity fluctuates, peaking at 73% in September, the overall mild temperatures keep the atmosphere inviting. Rainfall is most abundant during the summer months, particularly in August, when 146 mm (5.7 in) drenches the area, nurturing its lush landscapes. For those curious about its year-round weather patterns, explore more about the San Cristóbal climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, San José de Ocoa boasts a pleasant climate characterized by mild temperatures year-round. From the cool January lows of 14°C (58°F) to the balmy summer months where temperatures can reach up to 31°C (89°F), the region offers a comfortable escape. While rainfall peaks between May and August, bringing vibrant greenery, average humidity levels hover around a manageable 65%, enhancing the air quality rather than weighing it down. Visitors can truly enjoy the dynamic beauty of the area through its distinct seasons. For a more detailed overview, check out the San José de Ocoa climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, San Juan boasts a warm tropical climate that invites year-round exploration. Temperatures range from a cool 11°C (51°F) in January to a sizzling 34°C (93°F) in July, ensuring plenty of sunshine for visitors and residents alike. While the dry season spans January to March with low humidity and minimal rainfall, the summer months see a rise in precipitation, especially in September, which can deliver over 124 mm (4.9 in). Despite this, the average humidity remains manageable, fluctuating around 65% during the dryer months. For a deeper dive into seasonal trends, visit the comprehensive guide on San Juan climate.
San Pedro de Macorís boasts a tropical climate that invites visitors to bask in warm temperatures year-round. With averages hovering around 25°C (77°F) in the cooler months and climbing to a sultry 28-34°C (82-93°F) in summer, the weather is perfect for sun-seekers. However, be prepared for seasonal showers, especially from May to October, when rainfall can reach up to 130 mm (5.1 in) in September. This gorgeous coastal city also sees humidity levels around 72-80%, creating the lush environment that characterizes its stunning landscapes. For a deeper dive into the weather patterns, check out San Pedro de Macorís climate.
Santiago, Dominican Republic basks in a tropical climate, characterized by warm temperatures year-round. From the chilly 10°C (51°F) in January to a sizzling 37°C (99°F) in the summer months, visitors can enjoy an array of weather experiences. Rainfall peaks in March and September, with 115 mm (4.5 in) and 131 mm (5.2 in) respectively, while humidity fluctuates but often hovers around 71% in the warmer months. This vibrant city invites exploration in every season, making it a perfect destination for tourists seeking a lively, sun-soaked ambiance. For more details, check out Santiago climate.
Santiago Rodríguez, Dominican Republic, boasts a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. With January highs around 33°C (92°F) and summer months soaring to 37°C (99°F), locals and visitors alike enjoy a vibrant atmosphere. Rainfall peaks in September with 105 mm (4.1 in), while the drier months from February to April invite outdoor activities under an inviting sun. Humidity levels often rise in late summer, creating a muggy feel, but the overall experience is charm-filled and picturesque, making it a delightful retreat. For more detailed information on the weather patterns, visit Santiago Rodríguez climate.
Santo Domingo, the vibrant capital of the Dominican Republic, basks in a tropical climate characterized by warm temperatures year-round. From January's mild 15°C (60°F) to the sizzling highs of 35°C (95°F) in September, visitors can expect delightful warmth, with average temperatures hovering around a comfortable 26°C (79°F). However, be prepared for rain, especially from May to August, when precipitation can reach impressive heights, peaking at 150 mm (5.9 in) in August. The humidity levels can be a bit high, often climbing to 77-78%, adding to the tropical feel. For those who love sunny weather with a side of refreshing rain, explore more about the city's climate in detail at Santo Domingo climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Sánchez Ramírez experiences a tropical climate that offers mild winters and warm summers, making it a year-round destination for sun-seekers. With temperatures ranging from a cool 14°C (57°F) in January to a sizzling 35°C (95°F) in June and July, visitors can enjoy balmy days and comfortable nights. While humidity levels hover between 57% and 73%, adding to the tropical feel, the region also sees its fair share of rain, particularly in August and November, with precipitation peaking at 122 mm (4.8 in). The combination of warm temps and lush rainfall fosters a vibrant landscape that captures the beauty of this Dominican gem. For more detailed information, check out the Sánchez Ramírez climate.
Nestled in the heart of the Dominican Republic, Valverde boasts a tropical climate that entices visitors year-round. With average temperatures lingering between 24°C (75°F) and 28°C (82°F), the warmth is punctuated by peak summer highs soaring up to 37°C (99°F). While winter months greet with mild evenings around 12°C (53°F), the region experiences a distinct rainy season from September to November, where precipitation can reach up to 102 mm (4.0 in) in September. The humidity varies, with the most humid months falling during the rainy season, ensuring a lush, vibrant landscape. For more insights on weather patterns, check out Valverde climate.
The climate of the Dominican Republic showcases a vibrant tapestry of temperatures and precipitation patterns that reflect its diverse landscapes. January brings cooler temperatures, dipping to a minimum of 9°C (48°F) in La Vega, while the sweltering August heat can soar to a sizzling 38°C (101°F) in Monte Cristi. This fluctuation in temperature is complemented by variable rainfall, with the driest month experiencing just 10 mm (0.4 in) of precipitation in February in Elías Piña, contrasted by the rainy season, peaking at 177 mm (7.0 in) in September in El Seíbo. Humidity further shapes the climate, ranging from a comfortable average of 57% in May in Valverde to a humid 80% in the peak of August in La Altagracia. These trends illustrate the dynamic nature of the Dominican Republic's climate, influencing not just weather patterns but also the rich biodiversity and cultural practices that thrive across its varied regions.